Document List: Image Standard Formats
Summary
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GeoTIFF Format Specification – GeoTIFF Revision 1.0 -
GeoTIFF Format Specification -
JPEG File Interchange Format -
JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) -
GML in JPEG 2000 for Geographic Imagery (GMLJP2) Encoding Specification -
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Second Edition) -
TIFF Revision 6.0
GeoTIFF Format Specification – GeoTIFF Revision 1.0
Revision 1.8.2 – 2000-12-28
This is a description of a proposal to specify the content and structure of a group of industry-standard tag sets for the management of georeference or geocoded raster imagery using Aldus-Adobe’s public domain Tagged-Image File Format (TIFF).
This specification closely follows the organization and structure of the TIFF specification document.
The GeoTIFF spec defines a set of TIFF tags provided to describe all “Cartographic” information associated with TIFF imagery that originates from satellite imaging systems, scanned aerial photography, scanned maps, digital elevation models, or as a result of geographic analyses. Its aim is to allow means for tying a raster image to a known model space or map projection, and for describing those projections.
GeoTIFF does not intend to become a replacement for existing geographic data interchange standards, such as the USGS SDTS standard or the FGDC metadata standard. Rather, it aims to augment an existing popular raster-data format to support georeferencing and geocoding information.
The tags documented in this spec are to be considered completely orthogonal to the raster-data descriptions of the TIFF spec, and impose no restrictions on how the standard TIFF tags are to be interpreted, which color spaces or compression types are to be used, etc.
GeoTIFF fully complies with the TIFF 6.0 specifications, and its extensions do not in any way go against the TIFF recommendations, nor do they limit the scope of raster data supported by TIFF.
GeoTIFF uses a small set of reserved TIFF tags to store a broad range of georeferencing information, catering to geographic as well as projected coordinate systems needs. Projections include UTM, US State Plane and National Grids, as well as the underlying projection types such as Transverse Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic, etc. No information is stored in private structures, IFD’s or other mechanisms which would hide information from naive TIFF reading software.
GeoTIFF uses a “MetaTag” (GeoKey) approach to encode dozens of information elements into just 6 tags, taking advantage of TIFF platform-independent data format representation to avoid cross-platform interchange difficulties. These keys are designed in a manner parallel to standard TIFF tags, and closely follow the TIFF discipline in their structure and layout. New keys may be defined as needs arise, within the current framework, and without requiring the allocation of new tags from Aldus/Adobe.
GeoTIFF uses numerical codes to describe projection types, coordinate systems, datums, ellipsoids, etc. The projection, datums and ellipsoid codes are derived from the EPSG list compiled by the Petrotechnical Open Software Corporation (POSC), and mechanisms for adding further international projections, datums and ellipsoids has been established. The GeoTIFF information content is designed to be compatible with the data decomposition approach used by the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) of the U.S. Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC).
While GeoTIFF provides a robust framework for specifying a broad class of existing Projected coordinate systems, it is also fully extensible, permitting internal, private or proprietary information storage. However, since this standard arose from the need to avoid multiple proprietary encoding systems, use of private implementations is to be discouraged.
geotiffhome.html (Web)
GeoTIFF Format Specification
Revision 1.8.2 – 1995-11-10
This is a description of a proposal to specify the content and structure of a group of industry-standard tag sets for the management of georeference or geocoded raster imagery using Aldus-Adobe’s public domain Tagged-Image File Format (TIFF).
This specification closely follows the organization and structure of the TIFF specification document.
geotiff_spec.pdf (GAEL Systems)
JPEG File Interchange Format
Revision 1.02 – 1992-09-01
JPEG File Interchange Format is a minimal file format which enables JPEG bitstreams to be exchanged between a wide variety of platforms and applications. This minimal format does not include any of the advanced features found in the TIFF JPEG specification or any application specific file format. Nor should it, for the only purpose of this simplified format is to allow the exchange of JPEG compressed images.
jfif3.pdf (Web)
jfif3.pdf (GAEL Systems)
JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)
ITU-T T.871 – Revision 1.0 – 2011-05-14
This Recommendation | International Standard specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF).
The JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) is a minimal file format which enables the exchange of JPEG encoded images (according to Rec. ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918-1) having 1 or 3 colour channels and 8 bits per colour channel between a wide variety of platforms and applications. This minimal format does not include some advanced features found in various other specified file formats. The purpose of this format is to provide for a basic form of exchange of JPEG images. The optional inclusion of thumbnail images for rapid browsing is also supported.
en (Web)
T-REC-T.871-201105-I!!PDF-E.pdf (GAEL Systems)
GML in JPEG 2000 for Geographic Imagery (GMLJP2) Encoding Specification
OGC 05-047r3 – Revision 1.0.0 – 2006-01-20
This OpenGIS encoding specification defines the means by which the OpenGIS Geography Markup Language (GML) is to be used within JPEG 2000 images for geographic imagery. This specification is the result of work in the GML in JPEG 2000 Interoperability Experiment. In 2004, the submitting organizations introduced a candidate specification document (04-045) which later became an OGC public Discussion Paper and the basis for conducting the Interoperability Experiment. The Activity Plan for the GML in JPEG 2000 Interoperability Experiment was formally approved by the Open Geospatial Consortium in February 2005.
The current revision of this specification has an augmented set of contributors and submitters than the original Discussion Paper. The additional contributors were a result of the OGC Interoperability Experiment process and specific written comments that were generated from various TC meetings as well as a 30 day public comment period.
05-047r3_GML_in_JPEG_2000_for_Geographic_Imagery.pdf (GAEL Systems)
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Second Edition)
This International Standard specifies a datastream and an associated file format, Portable Network Graphics (PNG, pronounced “ping”), for a lossless, portable, compressed individual computer graphics image transmitted across the Internet. Indexed-colour, greyscale, and truecolour images are supported, with optional transparency. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits. PNG is fully streamable with a progressive display option. It is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors. PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data as well as a full ICC colour profile for accurate colour matching on heterogenous platforms. This Standard defines the Internet Media type “image/png”. The datastream and associated file format have value outside of the main design goal.
index-object.html (Web)
TIFF Revision 6.0
Revision 6.0 – 1992-06-03
TIFF describes image data that typically comes from scanners, frame grabbers, and paint- and photo-retouching programs.
TIFF is not a printer language or page description language. The purpose of TIFF is to describe and store raster image data.
A primary goal of TIFF is to provide a rich environment within which applications can exchange image data. This richness is required to take advantage of the varying capabilities of scanners and other imaging devices.
Though TIFF is a rich format, it can easily be used for simple scanners and applications as well because the number of required fields is small.
TIFF will be enhanced on a continuing basis as new imaging needs arise. A high priority has been given to structuring TIFF so that future enhancements can be added without causing unnecessary hardship to developers.
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